The American Psychological Association has amended its Code of Ethics to make clear that its standards can never be interpreted to justify or defend violating human rights. In 2002 the APA amended its code to say that if a psychologist was confused or doubtful, he could follow his employer’s instructions. But this was used as an excuse to justify psychologists participating in the "enhanced interrogation" of suspects after 9/11.  A new sentence has been added: “Under no circumstances may this standard be used to justify or defend violating human rights.” The change is effective from June 1.

Shortly after the APA’s announcement, Leonard Rubenstein and Stephen N. Xenakis – who are both doctors – reminded the world about the psychologists and doctors who did participate in waterboarding, sleep deprivation, isolation and stress positions. Shouldn’t they be investigated and disciplined for violating human rights?

“No agency — not the Pentagon, the C.I.A., state licensing boards or professional medical societies — has initiated any action to investigate, much less discipline, these individuals,” they complained in a New York Times op-ed. “They have ignored the gross and appalling violations by medical personnel. This is an unconscionable disservice to the thousands of ethical doctors and psychologists in the country’s service. It is not too late to begin investigations. They should start now.” ~ New York Times, Feb 28, APA, Feb 24